Green Architecture :: Sustainable Building Environment Essays

Green Architecture Green design is a way to deal with building which has gotten increasingly famous in the last 25 to 30 years. Otherwise called reasonable structure, green engineering is a strategy for plan that limits the effect of expanding on the earth. When thought of as eccentric and nonstandard, both administrative organizations and the open the same are rapidly tolerating green engineering as a socially dependable and sensible methods for development. The beginnings of the present green insurgency can be followed back to the natural consciousness of the 1960s and European plan. New development procedures have lead to the improvement of imaginative materials and plan ideas. Green structures are planned, developed and appointed to guarantee they are solid for their inhabitants. Effectively planned green activities can include a broad exhibit of elements, running from the ingenious utilization of materials, to cautious thought of capacity, atmosphere, and area. The ideas about green design can for the most part be composed into a few regions of utilization. These territories incorporate supportability, materials, vitality effectiveness, land use, and waste decrease. Green structures are intended for present use, however thought is been given to future uses also. A versatile structure can be reused many occasions throughout its helpful life. In the event that particular specialized issues forestall utilization of the structure for another capacity, at that point the materials utilized in its development are intended to encourage simplicity of reusing and reprocessing of materials. Structures devour an assortment of materials in their development. Green plan lessens the reliance on asset escalated items and materials. Today, there are an expanding number of items accessible produced using effective, earth-accommodating, or reused materials. In a green structure, thought is additionally given to the development procedure itself. Materials that limit squander or can be reused, help add to a proficient and naturally delicate development process. Another significant part of green engineering is the coordination of vitality productive mechanical frameworks and preservation techniques. Green structures are intended to decrease or kill the reliance on petroleum products. Furthermore, green plans further assistance to limit squander using dim water reusing and other reasonable vitality techniques. Dark water is saved or spared to be reused to water gardens. Land use and building direction likewise assumes a basic job in green design. A green structure is situated to exploit its atmosphere and environmental factors. These conditions influence the productivity of a structure, yet of the network and society all in all.

Systematically Quote Pricing Goods Services â€Myasignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Systematically Quote Pricing Goods Services? Answer: Presentation: Globalization has improved the manners by which monetary exchange happens all through the world by advancing a greater amount of worldwide exchange. Alongside headway in exchange came the need to deliberately cite estimating of merchandise and ventures. The idea of versatility has helped the representatives in doing as such. Worldwide exchange offered ascend to the idea of outright preferred position and near bit of leeway (Helpman Razin, 2014). The hypothesis as put sent by Adam Smith discusses the integral factor dependent on which any nation decides to deliver products and ventures. Here the idea of value versatility and various sorts of points of interest has been clarified to address the given inquiry. Cost of merchandise dependent on Price Elasticity of Demand Value versatility of interest shows the adjustments in the interest of any merchandise and enterprises because of the adjustment in the cost of the equivalent, ceteris parebus. It is estimated as the proportion of rate changes of requested amount to that of value (Pigou, 2013). On the off chance that the numerical worth is more prominent than 1, at that point the great is value flexible in nature and in the event that it is lesser than 1, it is inelastic. Cost Amount Versatility = Versatility = 1 Versatility = 0 Figure 1: Price Elasticity of Demand Source: Created by the Author In the above figure the value versatility has been appeared. Where versatility is 0, the interest for products doesn't rely upon the cost and where flexibility is , the interest varies to an incredible level with minute change in cost. The principle thought process of any maker is to augment their income either by expanding the cost or by expanding the amount sold. In the event that the great is essential products with no or not many substitute, at that point expanding the cost won't have a gigantic effect in the amount bought in this manner amplifying the income (Mankiw, 2014). At the end of the day, when request is inelastic, the maker can provide greater expense estimate to expand their income. On other hand, if the products sold has effectively accessible substitutes or is of sumptuous kind, at that point change in cost will incredibly influence the adjustment in amount requested. In such a case the maker attempts to keep cost low in order to draw in client base towards their items and amplify benefit through an expansion in deals volume. Supreme versus Comparative Advantage The essential contrast between supreme favorable position and relative bit of leeway is that the previous features the capacity of a country to deliver products and ventures at lower per unit cost than its contending country. The later features a countries capacity to carry on their creation at lower opportunity cost. Another contrast between these two ideas is that outright preferred position is valuable for one exchanging accomplice and regularly country probably won't be profited. Similar preferred position on other hand is commonly useful for both the country occupied with global exchange (Gopinath, Helpman, Rogoff, 2014). The model beneath represents the distinction further: Nation Trucks created every day Vehicles created every day India 3 3 US 2 1 In the table above it tends to be seen that India has supreme bit of leeway in creating the two trucks (as 3 2) and vehicles (as 3 1). However, in the event that the open door cost is determined, Nation Truck Vehicles India 1 Car 1 Truck US 0.5 Car 2 Truck Here it is seen that India has lower opportunity cost in delivering Car than U.S. (as 1 2). On other hand U.S. has lower opportunity cost in creating trucks (as 0.5 1). Subsequently, if exchange happens, India would decide to create vehicles and U.S. would create trucks. End: The two unique ideas quickly examined above gives us just a brief look at the manners by which collaboration among various country works in keeping up a worldwide exchange situation. Notwithstanding, the worldwide exchange itself is such a tremendous and complex methodology that to comprehend it requires a point by point study and research of the equivalent References Gopinath, G., Helpman, E., Rogoff, K. (2014). Handbook of global financial aspects (Vol. 4). Elsevier. Helpman, E., Razin, A. (2014). A hypothesis of worldwide exchange under vulnerability. Scholastic Press. Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Basics of financial matters. Cengage learning. Pigou, A. C. (2013). The financial aspects of government assistance. Palgrave Macmillan.

Pursuing My Passions at Illinois

Pursuing My Passions at Illinois We’re officially six weeks into the semester, which is over 1/3 of the way through! These weeks really flew by, and I still can’t believe how much has changed in this amount of time. Ill be honestâ€"I came into college believing that this transition was going to be really hard for me. Just a few weeks into the semester, however, I found that I’d settled in with ease. Becoming familiar with a new campus and settling into a routine will happen over time. The true key to a successful transition is to find what makes your campus feel like home. Adapting to college is about so much more than learning how to ace your classesâ€"it’s about pursuing your passions. This isn’t something that will happen immediately, but by exploring classes, hobbies, and even groups of friends that will support what you’re passionate about, your campus will start to feel more and more like a home each day. Take classes that support your interests. A lot of people say that your freshman year will be full of gen-ed classes. While this is inevitable, there are ways to fulfill these requirements while taking classes that are genuinely interesting to you. For example, as one of my social studies electives, I’m taking a class called Urban Sustainability. This class is all about the environmental impact of cities, as well as some of the social and economic consequences of these environmental issues. It has ended up being one of my favorite classes because I’m able to learn a new perspective on something I already had an interest in. There are tons of opportunities to take classes that you will enjoy right from the start of your college experience. Adding at least one of these to your schedule will make you a lot more excited about your freshman classes. Continue your hobbies and find new ones. That being said, there is a common misconception among many freshmen that when you live at school, your life also has to revolve around school. That is NOT the case. You probably have a lot of other things you’re passionate about outside of the classroom. Whether that be sports, music, or anything else, you dont have to give these things up in college. It’s so easy to make time for your hobbies, and it’s important to pursue things that have absolutely nothing to do with your major. I’m an Engineering major, but I also play piano, and one of my biggest concerns about moving into college was that I wouldn’t be able to continue this. Luckily, I had the opportunity to sign up for piano lessons this semester. This means I’m able to continue playing and learning new music, even though Im not a music major. We all have passions that we can’t live without, so find opportunities to continue growing in these passions and doing what you love to do. Find your campus family. If you’re an introvert like me, this is one of the more difficult parts of the college transition. However, there are hundreds of opportunities to find groups of people who share your interests. From joining RSOs (Registered Student Organizations) to LLCs (Living Learning Communities), there are countless ways to surround yourself with people who will support your interests. I chose to live in the Sustainability LLC, which has given me a chance to live with people from different majors who share similar interests, and Ive joined several student groups based around engineering so I can become closer with some of the people who I’ll see in my classes over the next four years. While I’m still in the process of finding my campus “family,” I know that I’m constantly surrounded by supportive people. Adjusting to college life will take time, and the process is a bit different for everyone. Finding what you’re passionate about and pursuing your interests can make all the difference. A campus becomes your home because you make it home; if you continue your passions, then you’ll find your place. There is something for everyone here, and everyone finds that in their own time, so my advice is this: find what you love, and everything else will come naturally from there. Abby Class of 2023 I'm a Civil and Environmental Engineering major in the Grainger College of Engineering and I hope to one day work to lessen society's impact on the environment. I am a major nerd, have a passion for all things outdoors, and I can't wait to see what new opportunities are in store for my freshman year at University of Illinois!

Film Review Mindwalk Essay - 1238 Words

Film Review: Mindwalk If a good movie is one that makes you think, Mindwalk must be superb. However, I havent even read the book it was based on and I can say that the book must have been better. The actors are laughable, and the physicists accent changes with each new scene. Furthermore, the transitions to each scene are as smooth as sandpaper. The purpose of this movie wasnt, and with good reason, to be glamorous though. As many of our Hollywood movies are. The fast action, sex, blood, money crazed movies that we all love. The fact that Mindwalk was based on a book also gives some explanation to the choppy scenes, as many omissions were probably made. Financing played a role in the actors chosen for the movie, a kind of†¦show more content†¦She uses the example of a person with gallstones. A western medicine physician would take the gall bladder out. However the physicist explained that whatever issue caused the gallstones, perhaps stress, will cause the person to get sick again. Perhaps that person was the one pursuing a career for money, and not passion or knowledge and therefore they werent truly happy in their career. Not to say I dont have a passion for business, I love the thrill of it and the competition. I love the fact that I can change careers on a whim, and that there will always be a job for me. But, the question I give to myself is, would I still pick this profession if money were not a factor? I think society is becoming aware of the fact that we need to look at the whole picture though. Especially in regards to health care. With the rising number of Naturopaths, Herbalists, Reflexologies, Massage Therapists, Acupuncturists, or practitioners in Aruveda techniques. All alternative practices based on holistic healing and the idea that the mind, body, and spirit are one and must be treated together. We are still, despite rising awareness, stuck in the mode of what is called mechanistic thinking by the physicist. She cre dits Descartes for the start of this thinking; and Isaac Newton for giving it life. Using the clock as an example and how we have replaced many of the old parts with more technological replacements. The clock is not the same as it once was,

Assignment On Defining A Business - 1542 Words

Defining a Business My business â€Å"Pappa Tommyâ€Å" is a bar and restaurant. I have chosen this name because I want the customers to have a warm atmosphere when they enter my business and that they know Tommy will cook great food for them. The main products that my business will provide are noodles, rice, seafood, chicken and drinks because it is both a bar and restaurant. This business will categorise under the service business because we offer services such as cooking and table service. A service business is doing a service for a customer such as house maintenance, accounting and education. A trading business consists of purchasing finished products and goods from manufacturers for a low price and selling it to customers at a retail outlet for†¦show more content†¦Another purpose to having a partnership is that with partners, your business will have a greater financial source to allow funds for the business start-up costs and debts. Essentially, not all the payments are going to you, but to all the partners involved. However, there are disadvantages of having a partnership structure for a business. The biggest problem of a partnership is the decision making that is involved during a meeting. Most of the times, partners disagrees with each other and will ultimately lead to arguments and personal conflict. Additionally, when a partner makes a mistake and creates a problem for the business, each partner is involved with all the debts and liabilities. This is a disadvantage for you and the partners because you have to pay for a mistake a partner did and it could be at any value. Creating the Business The main reason for establishing my bar and restaurant business is because I will be earning a large income if my business does become successful. From then on, I will be able to expand and become a larger business. Another intention of starting this business is to do the work my own way, knowing that I am the boss of myself and that I have to be independent. I will be able to input my own ideas into the business without having to consult with the boss. Finally, becoming a business owner allows me to choose the hours I wish to work. I can have a

Public Trust Doctrine Indian Contours Free Essays

string(145) " right to sweet water and the right to free air are attributes of the right to life, for these are the basic elements which sustain life itself\." Who owns the Earth and its resources? To what extent may the general public claim the pure water, clean air, rich soil, and the myriad services Earth provides to sustain human life? Across continents and spanning centuries, a dynamic tension continues between those who would circumscribe the Earth’s bounty for private use and those who would carefully allot Earth’s riches to satisfy human needs. Private property—sequestering Earth’s resources for personal, exclusive use—has its zealous advocates, and in many locales its legal status is unimpeachable, and its ideology is unquestioned. But a competing ideology, dating from antiquity[1], holds that some of Earth’s riches should never be sequestered for private use, must be left for the public’s enjoyment, and must be stewarded by those in power. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Trust Doctrine: Indian Contours or any similar topic only for you Order Now Codified 1,500 years ago during the Roman Empire, legal scholars labeled this the â€Å"Public Trust Doctrine. † The Public Trust Doctrine perseveres as a value system and an ethic as its expression in law mutates and evolves. More recently, scholars, activists, and lawyers have begun discussing the rights of people to access and enjoy various essential resources and services the Earth so generously yields. The Public Trust Doctrine primarily rests on the principle that certain resources like air, sea, waters and the forests have such a great importance to the people as a whole that it would be wholly unjustified to make them a subject of private ownership. The said resources being a gift of nature should be made freely available to everyone irrespective of the status in life. The doctrine enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the general public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes. Three types of restrictions on governmental authority are often thought to be imposed by the public trust: first, the property subject to the trust must not only be used for a public purpose, but it must be held available for use by the general public; second, the property may not be sold, even for a fair cash equivalent; and third, the property must be maintained for particular types of uses. I begin this article by tracing the historical origins of the Public Trust Doctrine, charting its (r)evolutionary leaps across centuries, legal regimes, and environmental entities. I then shift legal gears and analyze certain current environmental problems vis-à  -vis this Doctrine. I explore how the judicial creativity complements and expands the Public Trust Doctrine’s legal connotations, which, for 1,500 years, have constrained how Earth’s resources can be used and have guided who must bear responsibility for stewarding resources for the public good. Evolution of the doctrine Roman Law: 1,500 years ago, the Roman Emperor Justinian simplified the jumble of laws governing his Empire. He commissioned dozens of the era’s leading jurists, whose wisdom became codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis. [2] In 529, Justinian’s code contained a Section as: â€Å"By the law of nature these things are common to all mankind, the air, running water, the sea and consequently the shores of the sea. †[3] The Public Trust Doctrine, as this notion came to be known, suggests that certain resources—usually water, but now much more—are common, shared property of all citizens, stewarded in perpetuity by the State. 4] Several hundred years after the fall of the Roman Empire, a copy of the Corpus Juris Civilis was rediscovered in Pisa, and scholars spent centuries analyzing the tome. [5] In the peripatetic manner that has come to characterize it, the Public Trust Doctrine migrated with the Corpus Juris Civilis throughout Europe, to both civil law and common law regimes. [6] English Law: The Magna Carta codified Justinian’s words in England, and in 1225 King John was forced to revoke his cronies’ exclusive fishing and hunting rights, because this violated the public’s right to access these common resources. 7] Thus in England, while the King had vested ownership of public lands, he stewarded them in trust for the public. This notion of government ownership of resources held in trust as a commons is a shared precept in all places where the Public Trust Doctrine persists. [8] Evolution in India: India has the roots of this doctrine in ancient Vedas when every king was to protect the trees and natural resources. But somehow it bore mere moral and religious obligations and lacked legal recognition. The PTD has been recognized as a part of law of the l and in 1997 in the case of M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath. The evolution of the same has been discussed in the next Chapter. [9] An insight into Indian legal arena Article 21 of India’s constitution declares: â€Å"No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. †[10] Laws that conflict with or abridge fundamental rights named in the constitution are voided. [11] Citizens are allowed to challenge violations of these rights directly, and in fact citizen suits are the most rapid means to challenge actions that threaten fundamental rights. 12] In India, Judges have taken these substantive and procedural rights seriously and have buttressed them by establishing the Public Trust Doctrine to secure powerful protections for citizens’ Environmental Human Rights[13]. While the constitution does not explicitly provide for Environmental Human Rights, Indian courts have gone further than almost any in naming environmental rights that serve the fundamental right to life. [14] The claims that impinge on Article 21’s fundamental right to life include various challenges where ecosystems have been impaired. 15] India’s Supreme Court stopped unauthorized mining causing environmental damage, holding that this â€Å"is a price that has to be paid for protecting and safeguarding the right of the people to live in a healthy environment with minimal disturbance of ecological balance. †[16] When a government agency action threatened a local fresh water source, the High Court of Kerala held that government â€Å"cannot be permitted to function in such a manner as to make inroads into the fundamental right under Art. 1. . . . The right to sweet water and the right to free air are attributes of the right to life, for these are the basic eleme nts which sustain life itself. You read "Public Trust Doctrine: Indian Contours" in category "Papers" †[17] In a case upholding a statute that allows India to pursue justice following the Bhopal gas leak disaster, the Supreme Court further consolidated the link between Article 21’s right to life and the right to a clean environment. [18] In 1997, the landmark case of M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath[19] conjured up the Public Trust Doctrine in India. In that case, the Minister of the Environment (respondent) impermissibly allowed a motel to be built at the mouth of a river, and impermissibly allowed the motel to change the course of the river (which created subsequent flooding in nearby villages) in violation of the Public Trust Doctrine—which hadn’t explicitly existed before this case. 20] Before invoking the Public Trust Doctrine, the court alludes to: the classic struggle between those members of the public who would preserve our rivers, forests, parks and open lands in their pristine purity and those charged with administrative responsibilities who, under the pressures of the changing needs of an increasingly complex society, find it necessary to encroach to some extent upon open lands heretofore considered inviolate to change. 21] In this case, the court summons up the Public Trust Doctrine by first saying â€Å"The notion that the public has a right to expect certain lands and natural areas to retain their natural characteristic is finding its way into the law of the land. †[22] To justify this notion, the court cites excerpts from a Harvard Environmental Law Review article: â€Å"Human activity finds in the natural world its external limits. In short, the environment imposes constraints on our freedom; these constraints are not the product of value choices but of the scientific imperative of the environment’s limitations†[23] , promoting a new kind of natural law exigency for protecting environmental resources in the name of protecting fundamental human rights. [24] The court then revisited Justinian’s notion of the Public Trust Doctrine, including the exegesis of more than a half dozen seminal cases[25] of United States law that invoked and reinvigorated the Public Trust Doctrine. 26] The court concluded: â€Å"Our legal system—based on English common law —includes the public trust doctrine as part of its jurisprudence. The State is the trustee of all natural resources which are by nature meant for public use and enjoyment. Public at large is the beneficiary of the sea-shore, running waters, airs, forests and ecologically fragile lands. The State as a trustee is under a legal duty to protect the natural resources. These resources meant for public use cannot be converted into private ownership. 27] And thus the â€Å"aesthetic use and the pristine glory of the natural resources, the environment and the eco-systems of our country cannot be permitted to be eroded for private, commercial or any other use unless the courts find it necessary, in good faith, for the public goods and in public interest to encroach upon the said resources. †[28] The Supreme court for the first time recognized and declared, â€Å"the Public Trust Doctrine as discussed in this judgment is a part of the law of the land. †[29] In M. I. Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Radhey Shyam Sahu[30], the Indian Supreme Court subsequently hitched the Public Trust Doctrine to the constitutionally guaranteed right to life. [31] The court held that a public park and market are public trust resources that may not be replaced with a shopping complex. [32] Citing the precedent of M. C Mehta, the court reasserted that the Public Trust Doctrine is part of Indian law,[33] and thus ordered the appellant to restore the park that it had destroyed when it (and the government agency that permitted its actions) improperly violated the public trust. 34] The park in a crowded area is of â€Å"historical importance and environmental necessity. †[35] To allow the construction would mean that citizens â€Å"would be deprived of the quality of life to which they are entitled under the law. †[36] Because the government’s Development Authority was the trustee of the park, it had violated â€Å"the doctrine of public trust, which [is] applicable in India. †[37] The government authority was obliged to manage this park for the public good, and it â€Å"has deprived itself of its obligatory duties which cannot be permitted. [38] The court noted that â€Å"this public trust doctrine in our country, it would appear, has grown from Article 21 of the Constitution. †[39] The Public Trust Doctrine was invoked anew specifically to protect the fundamental human rights enshrined in the Constitution. Here, then, the Indian Supreme Court avers that the actions of the government and the private party appellant violated the right to life guaranteed in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, and the government agency has committed these violations by violating PTD. Drawing on the Illinois Central[40] decision to explain Sax’s central tenet of the PTD[41], the court recited that â€Å"when a state holds a resource which is available for the free use of the general public, a court will look with considerable skepticism upon any governmental conduct which is calculated either to reallocate the resource to more restricted uses or to subject public uses to the self-interest of private parties. †[42] Subsequent litigation has affirmed the PTD’s relevance in Indian law. For example, the High Court of Jammu Kashmir[43] allowed a manufacturing plant to be constructed, but only if the regional government observed its PTD duties to ensure that all possible pollution safeguards were implemented. A plant for filling cylinders with LPG was started after complying with the statutory requirements and clearance from PCB. When the residents objected the plant to continue and filed a writ of mandamus, the court after referring to Article 21, 47[44], 48-A[45], 51(A)(g)[46] and the post independence legislations invoked the doctrine of public trust and held that natural resources belong to people. The decision once again said that Article 21 of the constitution required that the government observe its public trust duties, for the â€Å"public has a right to expect certain lands and natural areas to retain their natural characteristics. †[47] The judgment also extended the scope of the Public Trust Doctrine, as â€Å"there can be no dispute that the State is under an obligation to see that forests, lakes and wildlife and environment are duly protected. [48] The Fomento Resorts Case (2009)[49]: Here, Fomento Resorts and Hotels Ltd had extended the construction of its hotel resort encroaching upon a public road and parking place which was a natural access to people visiting the Vainguinim beach. On a writ petition filed by a local residents, the Bombay High Court ordered demolition of the unauthorized structures following which the resort company preferred an appeal in the apex court. The apex court concurred with the view of the local residents that the unauthorized construction had put hindrances in their access to the beach. ‘Natural resources like beaches, forests, rivers and other water bodies are for uninterrupted and unhindered use of the general public and even the State cannot deprive them of their natural rights’, the Supreme Court held. Such rights are governed by the â€Å"public trust doctrine† and people can move the courts for enforcing the rights and directed Fomento resorts Goa to emolish its unauthorised construction on Vainguinim Beach, which had been overlooked by the state government. â€Å"The State cannot transfer public trust properties to a private party, if such a transfer interferes with the right of the public the court can invoke the public trust doctrine and take affirmative action for protecting the rights of the people to have access to light, air and water and also for protecting rivers, sea, tanks, trees fores t and associated natural eco-system. The doctrine puts an implicit embargo on the right of the State to transfer public properties to private party if such transfer affects public interest, mandates affirmative State action for effective management of natural resources and empowers the citizen to question ineffective management thereof,† the apex court ruled. AN ANALYSIS OF THE JUDICIAL TRENDS The aforementioned decisions, however a major breakthrough, do not reveal whether the judges are saying this Doctrine has always been a part of Indian law, or whether it is a new provision. Mostly they seem to reiterate that United States law has always found the Doctrine to be part of its common law heritage as a British colony, and so should be done here as well. What is distinctively clear, however, is that the court felt the Public Trust Doctrine was necessary to bolster its demands on the government to advance constitutionally protected rights. It also appears that putting the Public Trust Doctrine in service of constitutionally guaranteed environmental rights puts not only new strictures on government, but also places new constraints on private property rights in India. Those constraints could be cast as a sextuple threat to Indian private property rights. First, the Indian Constitution mandates a fundamental right to life. Second, two decades and dozens of court cases interpret this constitutionally provided right to mean that environmental harms themselves are proscribed in order to serve the fundamental right to life. Third, to prohibit private acts that threaten environmental resources essential to safeguard the right to life, the Indian Supreme Court has repeatedly cited the â€Å"polluter pays principle and the precautionary principle† as emerging norms of international environmental law. 50] Fourth, the Public Trust Doctrine is asserted to buttress the government’s ineluctable responsibility to protect the right to life and the ancillary rights that serve the fundamental right. Fifth, private rights of action against private or government parties are permitted to vindicate the fundamental and corollary rights. Finally, the Indian Constitution requires an affirmative â€Å"fundamental duty† of every citizen of India â€Å"to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures. [51] While a thorough examination of Indian private property rights is beyond the scope of this project, the combination of court-enshrined corollary environmental rights in service of fundamental right to life when accompanied with a decade-old reinvention of the Public Trust Doctrine means that whatever rights private property owners had before in India are now cast in a new, circumscribed way[52]. Contemporary Twists in the tale: Multi faceted Application of the doctrine National parks and national monuments harbor some of the most scenic areas in India. Each summer, motorists and tourist lineup to see the majesty of places like Kanha National Park , the holy shrines of Haridwar, Mankadevi, Rishikesh, Gangotri and Yamnotri and numerous Beaches and backwaters, gawking at wildlife and snapping photos to share. These public lands are also rich in natural resources like coal, oil, gas and timber. It is generally expected that Nation’s leadership would put these â€Å"public lands† wisely to use. Today, the conflict between protection of natural resources upholding the doctrine of public trust and the responsibility of state to manage national interests of industrialization and preservation of natural resources. Sometimes these conflicts are subtle, and sometimes the interests they represent are in direct opposition. This section discusses two case studies as a way to raise the issues. The first case the conflict is between traditional Native religious practitioners and commercial mountain climbing interests. The conflicts may seem more subtle as the policy makers see the mountain climbing â€Å"recreational† use that ought to be consistent with traditional native use since both depend, to some extent, upon the preservation of the mountain and its aesthetic qualities. However it is far too simplistic to assume that recreational use of public lands is consistent with â€Å"preservation† uses. While environmentalists frequently deplore the idea that natural resources exploitation can achieve a friendly coexistence with â€Å"preservation† of these spectacular places, the current political and economic climate reflects the emphatic commitment to commercial exploitation of public lands. Native peoples’ longstanding interests in these public lands are frequently reduced to a religious attachment or, in policy terms, an interest in â€Å"sacred sites protection. All the policymakers overlook in the process that the native people have a unique relationship with their ancestral homelands, which are time and again encroached upon. Natives have legal, moral, political and cultural interests in their ancestral homelands, and these multiple and complex interests should not be described as purely religious in nature. The following case study addresses a compelling issue for contemporary policymakers: how do we protect the inherent rights of the people to the natural resources which are time and again endangered by industrial and commercial exploiters? 53] The story revolves around the tribes people of Kalahandi who oppose Vedanta[54]’s takeover of a region they hold in reverence. For the last one year, the Niyamgiri hills in Kalahandi district of southwestern Orissa have been reverberating with protests and demonstrations. The tribals of the area[55], who worship the hills as living gods—are taking on Vedanta, a UK-based mining major that has acquired a license from the government to exploit the abundant bauxite reserves in the pristine region. Conflicts between tribals and the state are nothing new—especially when they are portrayed as a struggle between the modern (read: progressive governments and corporates) and the primitive (read: tribals). Vedanta, in partnership with the state-owned Orissa Mining Corporation, promises to put India on the global map as undisputed leader in production of iron ore, aluminium and zinc. But the tribals are asking if this should be at the cost of destroying their habitat, with which, in their animist traditions, they engage in a sacred covenant. And environment activists ask if there can ever be another Niyamgiri once the mining starts. A visit there is a trip to paradise—lush greenery, scores of streams crisscrossing the mountains, rich soil, an abundance of wildlife. In fact much of the region is protected under Section 18 of the Indian Wildlife Act, and the Orissa government had declared it an elephant reserve as recently as 2004. But once the mining begins, the ecosystem will be lost. The pollution and degradagion and degeneration has begun. The earlier warnings were all ignored. The first had come from the central empowered committee in 2002, constituted under the EPA[56]. The committee observed: â€Å"Had a proper study been conducted before embarking on a project of this nature and magnitude involving massive investment, the objections to the project from the environmental/ecological/forest angle would have become known in the beginning itself and in all probability the project would have been abandoned. † The second came from WII in 2006. Its status report said, â€Å"Mining could trigger irreversible changes in the ecological characteristics of the area. The cost-benefit value should not only take into account the material benefits of bauxite mining†¦ (but also) the perpetuity of the resources and ecosystem services that would be provided by these forests in the future. Compromising long-term economic returns, therefore, cannot be an alternative for short-term gains. † The apex court, however, ruled in 2008 that the company was free to mine after it complies with the due process of law. Today the public trust doctrine serves an important role in adjudicating tribal rights and state responsibilities. 57] Modern case laws have defined contours of State responsibility and highlighted it’s application towards protection of the interests of â€Å"We, the People. † Skeptics may say the process could allow Vedanta scope for intervention, but the tribal activists are steadfast in their resolve. â€Å"We’re not against development,† they say, â€Å"But the state must recognize the rights of tribal communities that have lived here for ages. † Critical analysis Is the public trust doctrine a threat to private property? Is it a vital, evolving common law doctrine? Or a metastasizing source of governmental uthority over private land? These are certain inevitable questions to be raised by the critics of the said Doctrine. Analysing the Doctrine, it can be said that it serves two purposes: it mandates affirmative state action for effective management of resources and empowers citizens to question ineffective management of natural resources. The Public Trust Doctrine can be used as leverage during policy deliberations and public scoping sessions and hearings. This forces agencies to prove that their actions are not environmentally ha rmful to the extent that they will destroy a public resource. If the agencies fail to provide a more environmentally benign alternative, then you can bring up a Public Trust lawsuit. Although the court process may be long and arduous, many important precedents have been established. It is interesting to note that in the Kamal Nath case[58] the Supreme Court held that even if there is a separate and a specific law to deal with the issue before the Court, it may still apply public trust doctrine. If there is no suitable legislation to preserve the natural resources, the public authorities should take advantage of this doctrine in addition to the fact that there was a branch of municipal law. Secondly the Supreme Court in M. I. builders[59], however, stated that public trust doctrine has grown from Article 21 of the constitution. By attaching this doctrine to the fundamental right to life, the Supreme Court appears to be willing to diversify the application of this doctrine. It seems likely that the court would give precedence to right to life when the public trust doctrine, as a part of right to a safe and healthy environment, is challenged by any other fundamental rights. Thirdly by ordering the Mahapalika to restore the park to its original beauty, the Supreme Court redefined the duties of a trustee to its beneficiaries the users of the park. In effect, it aligned the local authorities duty as a trustee with the concept of intra-generational and inter-generational equity. Fourthly, the case came before the court as a judicial review and not as challenge against the decision of the government from a beneficiary. As this doctrine acts as a check upon administrative action by providing a mechanism for judicial or resource allocation decisions. Therefore, public trust doctrine could serve as an additional tool for environmental protection particularly where administrative discretion has been abused. IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION FOR PROPER IMPLEMENTATION OF PTD Public participation is a necessary component of vibrant, dynamic, functioning and participatory democracy. It has potential to make all governmental decision making transparent, rational just, fair and responsive as a good governance practice which entails effective participation in public policy making provisions of the rule of law. Public participation also serves as a useful device to make government and its agencies accountable and at the conceptual level public participation is inextricably linked with democracy, decentralization, self-administration, self-management and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The idea of public participation has also entered the arena of environmental protection and its recognition as an important part of environmental decision making is discernible at all levels of government. 60] The contribution of public participation in environmental decision-making to the substantive quality of decisions was given a significant boost with the entry into force of the Aarhus Convention[61] adopted through the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. The Convention stresses that public participation in environmental decision-making contributes to â€Å"the protection of the right of every person of present and future generations to live in an environment adequate to his or her health and well-being. † NEED FOR PROPER FRAMEWORKOF LAWS IMPLEMENTING THE DOCTINE The public trust doctrine could provide a practical legal framework for restructuring the way the oceans are regulated and managed. It would support ocean-based commerce while protecting marine species and habitats. The public trust doctrine is â€Å"a simple but powerful legal concept,† that obliges governments to manage certain natural resources in the best interests of their citizens, without sacrificing the needs of future generations. Extending the public trust doctrine to ocean waters would help State agencies better manage conflicting demands such as conservation, offshore energy development, fisheries and shipping in the 3. million nautical square miles of water included in the nation’s territorial sea and EEZ. Currently dozens of laws, regulate species and activities in these waters, without any mandated, systematic effort to coordinate their actions for the public good. Though the public trust doctrine is well suited to serve as a critical legal foundation for a coordinated, ecosystem-based ocean policy, it has not yet been formally articulated by the executive branch, nor has it been recognized by courts or expressly established in statutory law. As we contemplate managing our ocean resources, not only for today but for future generations, we need to ask ourselves two critical questions: For whom should the country’s oceans be managed? And for what purpose? The public trust doctrine answers both of these questions. International Scenario It is a common law concept, defined and addressed by academics in the United States and the United Kingdom. Various common properties; including rivers, the seashore, and the air, are held by the government in trusteeship for the uninterrupted use of the public. The sovereign could not, therefore, transfer public trust properties to a private party if the grant would interfere with the public interest. The public trust has been widely used and scrutinized in the United States (The Mono Lake case being the breakthrough)[62], but its scope is still uncertain. Various have been made to apply this doctrine to protect navigable and non-navigable waters, public land sand parks, and to apply it to both public and private lands and ecological resources. The Supreme Court of California has broadened the definition of public trust by including ecological and aesthetic considerations. Although the public trusts doctrine is not without its fair share of criticism it is being increasingly related to sustainable development, the precautionary principle and bio-diversity protection. The doctrine combines the guarantee of public access to public trust resources with a requirement of public accountability in respect of decision-making regarding such resources. Moreover, not only can it be used to protect the public from poor application of planning law or environmental impact assessment, it also has an intergenerational dimension. The Stockholm Declaration of United Nations on Human Environment evidences this seminal proposition: â€Å"The natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural system, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate†¦ Conclusion Om vanaspataye Shanti Bhavantu[63] The Rishis of Aryavrata, the great thinkers of the ancient period pronounced above in the Vedas in no uncertain terms. However, we have sadly forgotten this precept except uttering the words occasionally while conducting havan to propitiate Gods and Nature without understanding the implication of this Mantra. In recent years these life supporting systems are gradually declining through the capricious exploitation of earth’s resources by the ever expanding human population in order to meet its growing material needs in the name of modernization and development and so does our relationship with natural resources continues to deteriorate till nature’s resources are exploited and utilized in a more rational economical way to maintain a sustainable development. Environment is common heritage for all. Obviously, conservation and development can and must go hand in hand unrevealing and understanding the complexities of various eco-systems with a changing attitude of â€Å"touch-me-not† to â€Å"use me wisely†. It is evident that the state is not the owner of the natural resources in the country but a trustee who holds fiduciary relationship with the people. By accepting this task the government is expected to be loyal to the interests of its citizens and to discharge its duty with the interest of the citizens at heart and involve them in decision-making process concerning the management of natural resources in the country. The Public Trust Doctrine may provide the means for increasing the effectiveness of environmental impact assessment laws. The Public Trust Doctrine stands for the proposition that some of nature’s gifts inherently belong to all people, and the government must steward these to prevent both private arrogation of public resources and the â€Å"tragedy of the commons† from unfettered public access to these shared resources. [64] Environmental Human Rights represent a growing movement to codify this belief, to make positive law that firms up the philosophy promulgated for 1,500 or so years in the name of the Public Trust Doctrine. In addition, the Public Trust Doctrine has expanded its reach to cover more of the Earth as the interrelatedness of ecosystem processes becomes more defined, and the success of the strategy in protecting those processes becomes more apparent. The Public Trust Doctrine encourages government officials to fulfill their stewardship duties. Judicial vigilance creates obligations erga omnes, i. e. , duties that must be performed. The Public Trust Doctrine urges judges to take a hard, skeptical look when government action appears to allow private interest to impede public trust environmental resources. The Public Trust Doctrine naturally shrinks what constitutes private property rights (and moves us to reconsider them as â€Å"private† â€Å"property† â€Å"rights†), either because certain resources never actually were subject to private usurpation, or never should have been. The Public Trust Doctrine has always reflected a value preference for public over private access to environmental assets. Invoking environmental rights as human rights amplifies the public’s right, now and in the future, to share in ecological gifts fundamental to human health and wellbeing. How to cite Public Trust Doctrine: Indian Contours, Papers

Lottery By Shirley Jackson Essays (480 words) - Shirley Jackson

Lottery By Shirley Jackson Gothic is defined as "a style of fiction that emphasizes the grotesque and the mysterious." Similar to the works of Edgar Allan Poe, many of Shirley Jackson's stories are considered "gothic" fiction. One such story is "The Lottery" which was first published in 1948. This story focuses on a very grim day in the life of one of its citizens. It is a day in which one of its citizens will undergo a cruel and torturous death. The unfortunate citizen will die at the hands of his or her fellow citizens. In this short story, Shirley Jackson creates a gothic environment by emphasizing the grotesque and the mysterious; however, Jackson also makes the story seem realistic and believable by presenting a governed town with a familiar setting. Jackson uses many elements to help create a very gothic short story. For example, the reader is unaware of what "the winner" of the lottery will receive until the end of the story. Because the fate of Mrs. Hutchinson, "the winner," is kept a mystery for most of the story, readers are enticed to view this piece of literature as gothic fiction. Another element that makes this short story appear to be gothic is the bizarre behavior of its citizens. The citizens of this small village do not empathize with Mrs. Hutchinson. In fact, most of the citizens are excited about stoning Tessie Hutchinson to her death. Although the excitement of the citizens is disturbing, there is one scene in particular that is the most outlandish. It is when all the citizens are rushing to find stones to throw at Mrs. Hutchinson. At this point in the story, Shirley Jackson writes, "The children had stones Page - 2 already, and someone gave little Davy Hutchinson a few pebbles." It is town of incongruousness. It is a town of absurdity. It is a town of grotesqueness and mystery. Although this short story is viewed as gothic fiction, Jackson adds many elements to her story to make it seem realistic and believable. One such element is the order in the village. While, in many stories, anarchy seems to be coherent with gothic fiction, government is apparent in this short story. Mr. Summers regulates over the lottery with ease. Another element that helps to create a realistic short story is the setting. Jackson creates a village that is very close to that of many other small towns. Like other small towns, the village has a coal company, grocery store, and post office. Usually, readers associate gothic fiction to barbarous savages, and this story consists of a governed and civilized village. Because of this, the story seems realistic and believable. Can a civilized village be so uncivilized? Shirley Jackson's, "The Lottery," causes the reader to wonder this very question. The behavior of the "civilized" village citizens seems to be ridiculous, and yet, at the same time, the story is believable. By emphasizing the grotesque and mysterious, Jackson's story is viewed as gothic fiction, and by creating an ordinary civilized village, the story seems realistic to the reader.

Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Study Guide

Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis Study Guide Franz Kafka’s well-known story â€Å"The Metamorphosis† begins with a description of a disturbing situation: â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect† (89). However, Gregor himself seems most disturbed by the possibility of missing the train to work and losing his job as a traveling salesman. Without asking for aid or alerting his family to his new form, he attempts to maneuver his unwieldy insect body- which has several tiny legs and a broad, hard back- out of bed. Soon, however, the chief clerk from Gregor’s company arrives at the apartment. Gregor is determined â€Å"to show himself and speak to the chief clerk; he was eager to find out what the others, after all their insistence, would say at the sight of him† (98). When Gregor finally opens his door and appears, everyone in the Samsas’ apartment is horrified; Gregor’s mother cries for help, the chief clerk flees the premises, and Gregor’s father, â€Å"hissing and crying ‘Shoo!’ like a savage,† mercilessly drives Gregor back into his bedroom (103-104). Back in his room, Gregor reflects on the fine life he had once provided for his family and wonders â€Å"if all the quiet, the comfort, the contentment were now to end in horror† (106). Soon enough, Gregor’s parents and sister start adapting to a life without Gregor’s earnings, and Gregor adapts to his new insectoid form. He develops a taste for rotten food and forms a new hobby- scurrying all over the walls in his room. He also feels grateful for the caring attention of his sister, Grete, who â€Å"tried to make as light as possible of whatever was disagreeable in her task, and as time went on she succeeded, of course, more and more† (113). But when Grete forms a plan to remove Gregor’s bedroom furniture and give him â€Å"as wide a field as possible to crawl in,† Gregor, determined to hold on to at least a few reminders of his human form, opposes her (115). He rushes out of his usual hiding place, sends his mother into a fainting fit, and s ends Grete running for help. In the midst of this chaos, Gregor’s father arrives home from work and bombards Gregor â€Å"with fruit from the dish on the sideboard,† convinced that Gregor is a danger to the family (122). This attack on Gregor makes â€Å"even his father recollect that Gregor was a member of the family, despite his present unfortunate and repulsive shape† (122). Over time, the Samsas become resigned to Gregor’s condition and take measures to provide for themselves. The servants are dismissed, Grete and her mother find jobs of their own, and three lodgers- â€Å"serious gentlemen† with â€Å"a passion for order†- come to stay in one of the Samsas’ rooms (127). Gregor himself has stopped eating, and his room is becoming dirty and crowded with unused objects. But one night, Gregor hears his sister playing the violin. He emerges from his room, feeling as if â€Å"the way were opening before him to the unknown nourishment he craved† (130-131). After seeing Gregor, the lodgers react angrily to the â€Å"disgusting conditions† in the Samsa household, while the anguished Grete declares that the Samsas must, despite their past efforts at accommo dation, finally get rid of Gregor (132-133). After this latest conflict, Gregor retreats to the darkness of his room. He feels â€Å"relatively comfortable.† In the early morning, his head sinks â€Å"to the floor of its own accord and from his nostrils came the last faint flicker of his breath† (135). The dead Gregor is quickly removed from the premises. And with Gregor’s death, the rest of the family is reinvigorated. Gregor’s father confronts the three lodgers and forces them to leave, then takes Grete and Mrs. Samsa on an excursion â€Å"into the open country outside the town† (139). The two elder Samsas are now confident that Grete will find a â€Å"good husband, and watch hopefully and optimistically as â€Å"at the end of their journey their daughter sprang to her feet first and stretched her young body† (139). Background and Contexts Kafka’s Own Professions: Like Gregor Samsa, Kafka himself was caught up in the world of money, commerce, and day-to-day bureaucracy. Kafka wrote â€Å"The Metamorphosis† in 1912, at a time when he was employed by the Workers’ Accident Insurance Company of the Kingdom of Bohemia. But even though Kafka remained at the Company until a few years before his death, he viewed another kind of activity- his writing- as his most important and most challenging life’s work. As he wrote in a 1910 letter, highlighting the daily difficulties that devotion to writing can bring: â€Å"When I wanted to get out of bed this morning I simply folded up. This has a very simple cause, that I am completely overworked. Not by my office but by my other work.† While Gregor gradually forgets his professional habits and discovers the power of art as â€Å"The Metamorphosis† progresses, Kafka was firmly convinced for much of his adult life that art was his true calling. To quote another Kafka letter, this time from 1913: â€Å"My job is unbearable to me because it conflicts with my only desire and my only calling, which is literature. Since I am nothing but literature and want to be nothing else, my job will never take possession of me.† Modernism Art and the Modern City: â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is but one of many early 20th-century works that depicts city life. Yet metropolitan commerce, technology, and living conditions evoked very different reactions from the various writers and artists of the modernist era. Some of this period’s painters and sculptors- including the Italian Futurists and the Russian Constructivists- celebrated the dynamic, revolutionary potential of city architecture and transportation systems. And several important novelists- James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Andrei Bely, Marcel Proust- contrasted urban transformation and upheaval with calmer, though not necessarily better, past lifestyles. On the basis of bleak urban narratives such as â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, â€Å"The Judgment†, and The Trial, Kafka’s own stance toward the modern city is often understood as a position of extreme criticism and pessimism. For a story set in a modern city, â€Å"The Metamorphosis † can feel remarkably closed-in and uncomfortable; until the final pages, the whole of the action takes place in the Samsas’ apartment. Envisioning and Illustrating â€Å"The Metamorphosis†: Even though Kafka describes certain aspects of Gregor’s new, insect body in great detail, Kafka opposed efforts to draw, illustrate, or represent Gregor’s full shape. When â€Å"The Metamorphosis† was published in 1915, Kafka cautioned his editors that â€Å"the insect itself cannot be drawn. It cannot be drawn even as if seen from a distance.† Kafka may have given these directions in order to keep certain aspects of the text mysterious, or to allow readers to imagine Gregor’s precise shape on their own; nonetheless, future readers, critics, and artists would attempt to pin down Gregor’s exact appearance. Early commentators envisioned Gregor as an overgrown cockroach, yet novelist and insect specialist Vladimir Nabokov disagreed: â€Å"A cockroach is an insect that is flat in shape with large legs, and Gregor is anything but flat: he is convex on both sides, belly and back, and hi s legs are small. He approaches a cockroach in only one respect: his coloration is brown.† Instead, Nabokov hypothesized that Gregor is much closer to a beetle in shape and form. Direct visual representations of Gregor have in fact appeared in the graphic novel versions of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† created by Peter Kuper and R. Crumb. Key Topics Gregor’s Sense of Identity: Despite his disturbing physical transformation, Gregor holds on to many of the thoughts, emotions, and desires that he exhibited in his human form. At first, he is incapable of understanding the extent of his transformation and believes that he is only â€Å"temporarily incapacitated† (101). Later, Gregor realizes that he is a horror to his family adopts new habits- eating putrid food, climbing all over the walls. But he is unwilling to give up mementos of his human state, such as the furniture that remains in his bedroom: â€Å"Nothing should be taken out of his room; everything must stay as it was; he could not dispense with the good influence of the furniture on his state of mind; and even if the furniture did hamper him in his senseless crawling around and around, that was no drawback but a great advantage† (117). Even towards the end of â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, Gregor is convinced that elements of his human identity have remained intact. His thoughts turn to his inner human traits- affection, inspiration- as he hears Grete’s violin playing: â€Å"Was he an animal, that music had such an effect on him? He felt as if the way were opening before him to the unknown nourishment he craved. He was determined to push forward until he reached his sister, to pull at her skirt and let her know that she was to come into his room, with her violin, for no one here appreciated her playing as he would appreciate it† (131). By turning into an insect, Gregor displays deeply human traits such as artistic appreciation- traits that were uncommon to him in his over-worked, business-oriented human state. Multiple Transformations: Gregor’s stark change of shape is not major change in â€Å"The Metamorphosis†. Because of Gregor’s new tradition and its negative effects on his family, the Samsas’ apartments undergo a series of alterations. Early on, Grete and her mother attempt to remove all of Gregor’s bedroom furniture. Then, new characters are brought into the Samsas’ property: first a new housekeeper, an â€Å"old widow, whose strong bony frame had enabled her to survive the worst a long life could offer;† then the three lodgers, picky men â€Å"with full beards† (126-127). The Samsas even transform Gregor’s room into a storage space for â€Å"superfluous, not to say dirty, objects† in order to make the lodgers comfortable (127). Gregor’s parents and sister change considerably as well. Initially, the three of them live in comfort thanks to Gregor’s earnings. Yet after the transformation, they are forced to take jobs- and Mr. Samsa transforms from a â€Å"man who used to lie wearily sunk in bed† into a bank messenger â€Å"dressed in a smart blue uniform with gold buttons† (121). Gregor’s death, however, sparks a new series of transformations in the Samsas’ ways of thinking. With Gregor gone, Grete and her parents are convinced that their jobs are â€Å"all three admirable and likely to lead to better things later on.† And they decide to find new living quarters, too- â€Å"a smaller and cheaper but also better situated and more easily run apartment than the one they had, which Gregor had selected† (139). A Few Discussion Questions 1) Do you understand â€Å"The Metamorphosis† as a work that confronts political or social issues? Is Kafka using Gregor’s strange story to discuss (or attack) issues such as capitalism, traditional family life, or the place of art in society? Or is â€Å"The Metamorphosis† a story with few or no political or social concerns? 2) Consider the issue of illustrating â€Å"The Metamorphosis†. Do you think that Kafka’s reluctance to show exactly what the transformed Gregor looks like was justified? Despite Kafka’s reservations, did you have a strong mental image of Gregor? Could you, perhaps, draw his insectoid body? 3) Which character in Kafka’s story is most deserving of pity and sympathy- the hideously transformed Gregor, his persevering sister Grete, the rather helpless Mrs. Samsa, or someone else? Did you find yourself siding with different characters- for example, liking Grete more and Gregor less- as the story moved forward? 4) Who changes the most in the course of â€Å"The Metamorphosis†? Gregor is an obvious choice because of his new shape, but you should also think about the changes in the characters’ emotions, desires, and living situations. Which character undergoes the strongest shift in values or personality as the story progresses? Note on Citations All in-text page citations refer to the following edition of Kafkas works: The Complete Stories, Centennial Edition with a New Foreword by John Updike (â€Å"The Metamorphosis† translated by Willa and Edwin Muir. Schocken: 1983).

Ocean Sunfish Facts

Ocean Sunfish Facts The ocean sunfish (Mola mola) is certainly one of the more unusual-appearing fish in the oceans. This bony fish, also known as the common mola, is famous for its enormous bulk, striking appearance, high fertility, and free moving lifestyle. Fast Facts: Ocean Sunfish Scientific Name: Mola molaCommon Name(s): Ocean sunfish, common mola, common sunfishBasic Animal Group: FishSize: 6–10 feetWeight: 2,000 poundsLifespan: 22–23 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic oceans, Mediterranean and North SeasPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Vulnerable Description The ocean sunfish is a bony fish- it has a skeleton of bone, which distinguishes it from cartilaginous fish, whose skeletons are made of cartilage. The fish doesnt have a normal-looking tail; instead, it has a lumpy appendage called a clavus, which evolved through the fusion of the fishs dorsal and anal fin rays. Despite its lack of a powerful tail, the ocean sunfish is an active and graceful swimmer, using its dorsal and anal fins to perform rapid changes in direction and horizontal movements independent of the prevailing current. It can also leap out of the water. Ocean sunfish vary in color from brown to gray to white. Some even have spots. On average, ocean sunfish weighs about 2,000 pounds and range between 6 and 10 feet across, making them the largest  bony fish  species. Female sunfish are larger than the males- all sunfish larger than 8 feet long are females. The largest ocean sunfish ever measured was nearly 11 feet across  and weighed over 5,000 pounds.   Rodrigo Friscione/Getty Images Species The word mola in its scientific name is Latin for millstone- a large  round stone used to grind grain- and the fishs name is a reference to its disc-like shape. Ocean sunfish are often referred to as common molas or simply molas. The ocean sunfish is also known as the common sunfish, as there are three other species of sunfish that live in the ocean- the slender mola (Ranzania laevis), the sharp-tailed mola (Masturus lanceolatus), and the southern ocean sunfish (Mola alexandrini). The sunfish group gets its name for the fishs characteristic behavior of lying on its side at the sea surface, seemingly basking in the sun. Habitat and Range Ocean sunfish live in tropical and temperate waters, and they can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans as well as inlets such as the Mediterranean and North seas. They generally stay within 60–125 miles of the coastline, and they apparently migrate within their ranges. They spend the summers at higher latitudes and their winters relatively closer to the equator; their ranges typically are along about 300 miles of coastline, although one sunfish off the coast of California was mapped at traveling over 400 miles. They move during the day horizontally at rate of about 16 miles a day. They also move vertically through the day, traveling between the surface and up to 2,600 feet below, moving up and down the water column during the day and night to chase food and regulate body heat. To see an ocean sunfish, though, youll likely have to find one in the wild, because they are difficult to keep in captivity. The Monterey Bay Aquarium is the only aquarium in the U.S. to have live ocean sunfish, and the fish  are kept at only a few other aquaria, such as the Lisbon Oceanarium in Portugal and the Kaiyukan Aquarium in Japan. Diet and Behavior Ocean sunfish like to eat jellyfish and siphonophores (relatives of jellyfish); in fact, they are among the most abundant of the worlds jellyfish eaters. They also eat salps, small fish, plankton, algae, mollusks, and  brittle stars. If youre lucky enough to see an ocean sunfish in the wild, it may look like its dead. Thats because ocean sunfish are often seen lying on their sides near the ocean surface, sometimes flapping their dorsal fins. There are a few theories about why sunfish do this; they often undertake long, deep dives in cold water in search of their favorite prey,  and may use the warm sun at the surface to re-heat themselves and aid digestion. The fish may also use the warm, oxygen-rich surface water to recharge their oxygen stores. And they may visit the surface to attract seabirds from above or cleaner fish from below to clean their skin of parasites. Some sources suggest that the fish wave their fins to attract birds. From 2005 to 2008, scientists tagged 31 ocean sunfish in the North Atlantic in the first study of its kind. The tagged sunfish spent more time near the ocean surface during the night than during the day, and they spent more time in the deep when they were in warmer waters such as  the  Gulf Stream  and the  Gulf of Mexico. BarrettMacKay BarrettMacKay/Getty Images   Reproduction and Offspring Ocean sunfish in Japanese waters spawn in late summer through October and likely multiple times. Age at sexual maturity is inferred at 5–7 years of age, and they spawn an enormous number of eggs. An ocean sunfish was once found with an estimated 300 million eggs in her ovary- more than scientists have ever found in any  vertebrate  species. Although sunfish produce many eggs, the eggs are tiny and essentially scattered into the water, making their chances of survival relatively small. Once an egg is fertilized, the embryo grows into tiny spiked larvae with a tail. After hatching, the spikes and tail disappear and the baby sunfish resembles a small adult. The lifespan of an ocean sunfish is up to 23 years. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the ocean sunfish as Vulnerable. Currently, sunfish are not targeted for human consumption, but they are endangered by bycatch. Reported estimates in California are that 14 percent to 61 percent of the fish caught by people seeking swordfish is sunfish; in South Africa, they make up 29 to 79 percent of the catch intended for horse mackerel, and in the Mediterranean, an astounding 70 to 95 percent of the total catch for swordfish is, in fact, ocean sunfish. The global population of sunfish is difficult to determine, since they spend so much time in deep water, although tagging has become more common. Sunfish may be a crucial part of the planets changing ecosystem under climate change: They are among the worlds most abundant eaters of jellyfish, and global warming appears to be resulting in an upsurge of jellyfish numbers. The biggest natural predators of ocean sunfish are  orcas  and  sea lions. Ocean Sunfish and Humans Despite their enormous size, ocean sunfish are harmless to humans. They move slowly and are likely more frightened of us than we are of them. Because they are not considered a good food fish in most places, their biggest threats are likely being hit by boats and being caught as bycatch in fishing gear.   Franco Banfi/Getty Images Sources Dewar, H., et al. Satellite Tracking the Worlds Largest Jelly Predator, the Ocean Sunfish, Mola Mola, in the Western Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 393.1 (2010): 32–42. Print.Liu, J., et al. Mola mola (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T190422A97667070, 2015.  Potter, Inga F., and W. Huntting Howell. Vertical Movement and Behavior of the Ocean Sunfish, Mola Mola, in the Northwest Atlantic. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 396.2 (2011): 138–46. Print.Sims, David W., et al. Satellite Tracking of the Worlds Largest Bony Fish, the Ocean Sunfish (Mola Mola L.) in the North East Atlantic. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 370.1 (2009): 127–33. Print.Thys, Tierney M., et al. Ecology of the Ocean Sunfish, Mola Mola, in the Southern California Current System. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 471 (2015): 64–76. Print.

I Hate To See That Evening Sun Go Down Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I Hate To See That Evening Sun Go Down - Essay Example Choat family live in Meecham’s house having been given the lease agreement by his son. Upon arrival at the house, Meecham is amazed that somebody is living in his apartment. In a bid to own back his house, he takes up events to prove this point. When Meecham learns that Mr. Choat dislikes dog barks, he get a dog from an old friend and allows it to distract Choat. The drama that unfolds regarding the dog leads to it death. When Choat rests thinking that he has solved the problem, the true nature and the inspiration Meecham has to get rid of Choat from his compound (Gay). It becomes evident when he brings on a dog sculpture in place of the dead dog. Meecham’s son knows his father is affected psychologically after the death of his mother. The reason he recommends Meecham to stay in a nursing home is to keep the society at peace. Meecham is a kind of a man who rests at nothing until he achieves set goal. The work is a masterpiece well recorded and executed. The play has a simple plot bringing out the encounters vividly. Simple as it is the title is spelled out in every other line that precedes the story (Gay). Meecham wants his house back but in reality, nothing brings him joy anymore on earth. Everything else seems to oppose his will to live. It is evident in the work when he plays a song â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I hate to see the sun goes down..† He hates death yet he is willing to go that path to prove he wants his home back. Understanding the law and the presence of the police, Meecham desires to use that route to get the attention of his son to allow him get back the house. The efforts are fruitless. On the other hand, Meecham’s son persuades him to go back to the nursing him with the promise of getting the home back. It does not dampen his spirit (Gay). It drives him into a state of insanity because the incidences that seemed a fight for a better life back were proved by death.

How does a fi rms tax rate affect its cost of capital What is the Essay

How does a fi rms tax rate affect its cost of capital What is the effect of the flotation - Essay Example The cost of capital can be calculated using valuation models such as CAPM or Arbitrage Pricing Model. Like all affairs of a business, the cost of capital is also affected by numerous factors, some within and some beyond the organization’s control. One of the factors which greatly affects the cost of capital and is beyond the control of the organization is the tax rate. Tax rate refers to the percentage of earning/spending which is contributed to the government. There are several types of taxes, applicable on different economic units, such as the income tax applicable on individuals, corporate tax applicable on corporations, sales tax applicable to sellers etc. Of primary concern in an organization are the corporate tax rate and the capital gains tax. The corporate tax rate is used to calculate the cost of debt in the weighted average cost of capital. The higher the tax rate; the lower will be the cost of capital since the interest payments are tax deductible. The capital gains tax, on the other hand, is applicable to owners of capital in the organizations, i.e. the shareholde rs. An appreciation in the ownership of share prices requires the shareholders to pay a specific percentage (varies from country to country) to the government. In such a case, the higher the capital gains tax, the lower will be the motivation of shareholders to hold their stocks. The tax rate structure applicable in a country determines the capital structure of a firm. If the corporate tax rate is higher than the capital gains tax rate then the structure will comprise of more debt and less shares and vice versa. In case an organization does not directly take a loan from a bank or financial institution, it may issue securities. Securities refer to any instruments (negotiable or non-negotiable) which allows an organization to raise funds, while floatation costs refer to the expenses incurred by the organization to issue new securities. These include underwriters’

Non-pharmacological Nursing Interventions Literature Review

Non-pharmacological Nursing Interventions Literature Review 5 METHODOLOGY A literature review is defined as a critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles. In addition to that a literature review will be used for conducting the research. According to Fink (2010), literature review is an evaluative report that is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers and scholars. In this literature review the main focus was to search the existing literature on non-pharmacological nursing interventions in order to be able to describe and analyze the similarities, differences, consistencies and inconsistencies and issues within the research topic. 5.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria are characteristics that proposed subjects must possess in order to be integrated in the future study. On the other hand, Exclusion criteria are characteristics that help the researcher to eliminate subject from being integrated in the study. A clear comprehension of the inclusion and exclusion criteria ensures that the research yields accurate and genuine results (Fink 2010). The inclusion and exclusion criteria of this literature review are described below in table 1. TABLE 1. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria The research focused on the non-pharmacological nursing interventions of geriatric depression The articles which are not related to the research questions. Articles were limited from 2005 to present Articles were not related to the studies and carried out before 2005. The articles were in full text, abstract and within the keywords The articles without full text, abstract and within the keywords Languages used were English and Finnish. The articles which were not in English and Finnish. Evidence based research were used. Articles that were not related to nursing and were not scientific. 4.3 Data collection The research articles for the literature review were limited to a time frame between 2006-2015. The information was gathered using different computerized databases such as Ebrary, CINAHL, Ovid, SAGE Premier and Science Direct, to find scientific journals. Moreover web based publications such as WHO, kaypahoito and Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos were also used. In addition to that numerous articles were gathered from well known scientific journals such as Journal of Advanced Nursing and Journal of Nursing Education. Keywords used in the search were focused on the research topic, they included Geriatric Depression, non-pharmacological interventions and Signs of geriatric depression. The key words and the time frame were combined in order to constrict the range of articles; the materials obtained for this study were in both English and Finnish. 4.4 Data analysis The collected data will be analyzed through content analysis of the collected articles, journals and electronic web pages. All the collected data related to the topic will be divided into different groups to make analysis easy. 5 ETHICS AND RELIABILITY High ethics will be maintained throughout the research process. I will also consider a good scientific conduct to ensure that the research is ethically acceptable. The authors in the references will be respected and thus referred accurately. The research project is about finding out the effectiveness of non- pharmacological treatment methods when dealing with geriatric depression. I plan to follow the set thesis guidelines of Centria University of Applied Sciences while carrying out my research. Reliability will be ensured by only referring to recent research materials available concerning geriatric depression. The articles and other materials will be obtained from reliable electronic sources and the school’s library databases to ensure that valid results are obtained that can be used in the future. 6 FINDINGS 6.1 Non-pharmacological nursing interventions Physical Exercise In a study by Park, Han and Kang (2014), it was found that regular exercise for older adults suffering from depression increased their social contact and improved their self efficacy. Physical activities also had inverse relationship with depression among the elderly. This meant that older adults engaging in physical exercises were found to have improved mental and physical health. (Lee, Brar, rush and Jolley 2014.)Regular physical exercises reduced depressive symptoms and anxiety associated with aging and other predisposing factors such as chronic ailments. In additional to that, older adults involved in physical activities ended up having some positive thoughts and opinions on their own aging process. (Park et al 2014.) As a result of physical exercise physical exhaustion was also highly reduced as a result of improved cardiovascular activity, immune system and the endocrine system. These also translated to reduction of depressive symptoms and an improvement in psychological well being. (Tsang, Fung, Chan, Lee, and Chan, 2006). In another study by Stanton and Reaburn (2014), it was confirmed that aerobic and non aerobic exercises including outdoor walking and stationary cycles demonstrated a reduction in depressive symptoms among the elderly. Exercises were conducted three times a week for a total duration of twelve weeks. (Stanton et al 2014.) Furthermore, regular physical activities among the elderly were found to improve their quality of sleep. Poor sleep quality and related sleep disturbances were attributed to in active lifestyles and repetitive daily routines, which further lead to cases of depression, anxiety, agitation, fatigue and daytime drowsiness. In a related article by Cheng, Huan, Li and Chang (2014), found that elderly people who engaged in physical activities such as the senior elastic band exercise reported improved sleep quality and significant decrease in depressive symptoms. In additional to that, Chen et al (2013) developed the wheelchair-bound senior elastic band (WSEB) exercise program, which granted the depressed older adults bound on wheel chairs an opportunity to exercise too. (Chen et al 2013.) Cognitive Exercise According to a study by Khatri, Blumenthal, Babyak and Krishman (2001), it was determined that physical exercise impacts positive effects on the cognitive functioning among elderly people suffering from depression. The study was carried out on two different groups of randomized participants: medication group and the aerobic exercise group. All the groups underwent the tests for duration of four months. In the medication group they received antidepressants while the exercise group underwent aerobic training. In addition to depression cognitive functions were also assessed, for example memory, executive functioning, concentration and psychomotor speed. Assessment tools used in the study included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). It was established that participants in the exercise group exhibited greater improvements in both memory and executive functioning than those in the medication group. Furthermore, the exercise group also showed better improvements in the Wechsler Memory Scale visual reproduction delayed recall scores. However there were no significant differences in the verbal memory and concentration. (Khatri et al 2001.) Vasques, Moraes, Silveira, Deslandes and Laks (2011), found that despite physical exercise having significant effects on depression it also exhibited positive effect on the brain function. During their study neuropsychological tests were performed in the forms of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Digit Span Test (DST)and the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCW) to assess the cognitive functions of their elderly participants suffering from major depressive disorder. After the participants walking on the treadmill for half an hour cognitive tests were performed before, during, after and 10-15 minutes after the training session. Similar cognitive tests were also performed on the control group but without exercise. There were no significant differences for both the control and the exercise group on the Digit Span Test. However in the Stroop Color-Word Test, the exercise group had improvements in their results when compared to the control group. The improvements were a clear indication that physical exercise had a positive effect on the cognitive functions of the depressed participants. (Vasques et al 2011.) According to Nicholas et al (2006), nurses used Problem solving therapy to help patients with depression to improve their cognitive functioning. Individuals were assigned certain tasks to handle in the form of games which varied from cheap to hard. This helped the individuals to think in a structured way which in turn improved their cognitive functioning. In additional to that it helped relieve depressive symptoms. (Nicholas et al 2006; Haggerty 2006.) Family Therapy In another study by Tanner, Martinez and Harris (2014), to examine the functional and social determinants of depression on community dwelling older adults it was concluded that support from family showed an improvement in general functions and a decrease in loneliness. In additional to that, family support satisfaction scale (FSSS) was used on the older adults to assess satisfaction with support received. The instrument consisted of 13 questions constructed to investigate the participant’s satisfaction with the family support they received from family members. The participants were expected to respond with either agreement or disagreement. It was found that those participants who had higher support scores had decreased levels of depression. Loneliness was also identified as one of the main causes of depression in addition to other predisposing factors. Older adults who were satisfied with the family support they received confirmed that it helped them cope with depression as well as chronic illnesses. (Tanner et al 2014). Nurses were found to play a crucial role in helping elderly people dealing with depression developed as a result of social isolation or bereavement. It was discovered that leaving these psychosocial factors not dealt with it made it difficult to make a lasting or complete recovery. (Hughes 2005). Nurses were found to play an important role in guiding, supporting and encouraging elderly people dealing with depression to keep contact with their family members. (Parello 2012.) According to a study by Merema (2014), it was found that older adults with good social network between them and their family members had higher levels of self esteem and self worth. In additional to that they were less likely to attempt suicide when compared to their counterparts with little or no social network at all. Music therapy According to a research carried out by Chan, Mok and Tse (2009), to determine the effects of music on depression levels in elderly people. The study was conducted on 47 elderly people (23 using music and 24 controls), majority of who were 75 and above. It was pointed out that music exerts psycho-physiological responses through influence on the limbic system. The limbic system is involved in our feelings of pleasure and emotions such as fear, anger as well as motivations. Therefore the limbic system is mostly affected by music rhythm as well as pitch and is also responsible for processing the music stimuli. It was found that music expends its effects through entertaining the body rhythms. In this context entertainment can be described as a tendency by two bodies locking together and vibrating in harmony. When an elderly person is going through a depressive phase they tend to experience mixed feelings of discomfort or agitation which in turn disrupts their body rhythms. The Body rhythm s is disrupted through change in breath, blood flow and heartbeat which further lead to changes in blood pressure levels and oxygen saturation. (Chan et al 2009). The music interventions used included four different types of music which included western classical, western jazz, Chinese classical and Asian classical. Each type of music was played for a duration of 30-min once per week for a duration of four weeks. The participants listened to the music without any interaction with the therapist. At the end of the study the depression levels of the experimental group had significantly decreased from form mild depression to normal levels. On the contrary there was no change in the depression levels for the control group within the four weeks. (Chan et al 2009). Furthermore, the physiological measures monitored including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of the elderly in the experimental group had reduced significantly in comparison to those of the control group. The findings demonstrated the benefits music has on older people suffering from geriatric depression. Music had a soothing physiological and Psychological effect on the elderly suffering from geriatric depression. This also support that music has the capability of to resonate with the listeners feelings. (Chan et al 2009). It was discovered that giving participants an opportunity to choose their music led to effective treatment. Chang, Wong and Thayala (2011), suggested that when the participants chose their own music it facilitated the entertainment process because the listener was in tune with their music of choice. The effects of music listening did not occur after one or a few sessions. In contrary to that, significant decrease in depression levels were reached after the participants had music listening sessions for a few weeks. In additional to that it was found that different kinds of music had similar effects on depressive symptoms among the elderly depending on the listener’s preference of music. (Chang et al. 2011). Music therapy was found to reduce irritability, agitation, and problem behaviors in people with geriatric depression. In additional to that it was also found that music therapy improves the sleep quality of people dealing with geriatric depression. (Rice et al 2010). Social activities While going through recent randomized trials it was found that social activities were effective interventions which improved depression outcomes among the elderly. (Merema 2014.) Social activities were provided in form of recreational group events such as day meetings, group outings and visits from family. These social activities generated social interaction and support among the elderly. (Hsu and Wright 2014). In additional to that it was found that through social activities the elderly were able to establish enduring relationships which in turn provided an effective method of reducing or limiting the severity of depression. It was also established that social activities improved the sleep quality and the cognitive functions of the elderly people. Social activities had a direct effect on the levels of loneliness faced by elderly people with depression. Furthermore it was discovered that depressed old adults felt much better when they were around other people. (Merema 2014.) Engagement in social activities was found to reduce cases of social isolation thus limiting worsening in the severity of depression. (Hsu et al 2014.) In a study by Hsu et al (2014), it was indicated that meaningful and enjoyable social activities lead to a decrease in depressive symptoms among institutionalized elderly living with depression. Social activities that were interesting to the elderly dealing with depression showed a decrease in depressive symptoms. It was found that a large number participated in social activities in the institution due to the positive emotions they experienced or out of personal interest. (Merema 2014.) The reduction in depressive symptoms was as a result of the psychosocial mechanism which includes a positive feedback where there is an improved mood due to pleasant events. Surprisingly it was found that institutionalized depressed elders participated more in social group activities. The institutional environment offered them an opportunity to participate in activities that led to more positive mental attitude and a decrease in depressive symptoms. (Hsu et al 2014.)

Jan and Ken Case Study Essay

1. Using the chapters on language and emotions to help frame your answer, suggest two ways that Ken could open this conversation more productively. For instance, clearly expressing his emotions and using â€Å"I† language. Ken could have tried opening the conversation more productively by saying something like, â€Å"Jan, do you have a few minutes? (This acknowledges to Jan that ken feels that her time is valuable), I would appreciate if we could talk about a problem that I am having. I believe that Shannon is upset with me, and does not want to speak to me. I was wondering if you told Shannon about Katie and me (trying not to be accusatory, so that Jan will not become defensive), 2. How do you perceive Jan’s effort to convince Ken to forgive her? Based on what you have learned in this chapter, suggest two ways she might more effectively seek Ken’s forgiveness. Jan attempt to get Ken to forgive her is full of defensiveness and self interest. Jan could more effectively seek and obtain Ken’s forgiveness by acknowledging ken’s point of view. Jan would be more effective in seeking ken’s forgiveness if she did not seem to be so defensive, and she tried to see the situation from his perspective. Jan also needs to demonstrate that she has a desire to restore the well-being of their friendship. Jan repeated saying, â€Å"I’m sorry, okay?† is not helping the situation at all. She needs to show some genuine remorse. 3. The conversation so far seems to be framed in a win-lose orientation to conflict. Each person wants to be right, to win at the expense of the other. How can Jan and Ken move their conflict discussion into a win-win orientation? Ken and Jan can move their conflict discussion to win-win orientation by identifying what they need out of this situation. They both have problem that need to be addressed. Ken’s problem is more recent and Jan’s issue seems to have been smoldering for a while. Ken needs to be  able to†¦

Second Amendment Validity And Today s View - 1068 Words

Second Amendment Validity and Today’s View Although there are many people against the Second Amendment, one must understand that the constitution of the United States recognizes and safeguards rights that profoundly exist in the Bill of Rights. Does the second Amendment continued to be valid today? The answer is quite simple: yes, it does. Civilian or militia does no need to protect themselves from the government, since the government has strong armed forces to protect the state and the federal government. However, the right still remains valid and it is mostly used for protection of common criminals, since the police can take a long time to show up when needed; and it is also used for hunting and other recreational activities. One case that proofs its validity is the case of the District of Columbia vs. Dick Anthony Heller (2008) at the Supreme Court. â€Å"JUSTICE SCALIA delivered the opinion of the Court. We consider whether a District of Columbia prohibition on the possession of usable handguns in the home violates the Second Amendment to the Constitution† (D.C. vs. Heller 2008:01). D.C. generally prohibited the possession of guns without a special license from the chief of the police, valid for one year. Furthermore, such guns needed to be â€Å"unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock or similar device unless they are located in a place of business or are being used for lawful recreational activities† (01). Here the court justices stated that the Second AmendmentShow MoreRelatedThe Supreme Court On The American Public School System Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion laid out an interpretation of the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment of the Constitution for the first time in regards to how it should be applied. As such, it would set the precedence for the way that the Supreme Court would look at the First Amendment even until today. 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